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We also thank all of the staff of the survey team for their efforts which made this study possible. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Y H Zhang. Supplementary Information accompanies this paper on International Journal of Obesity website.
Reprints and Permissions. Lao, X. Overall obesity is leveling-off while abdominal obesity continues to rise in a Chinese population experiencing rapid economic development: analysis of serial cross-sectional health survey data — Int J Obes 39, — Download citation.
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Skip to main content Thank you for visiting nature. Download PDF. Subjects Epidemiology Obesity. Abstract Background: Obesity epidemic is related to industrialization and urbanization that have lead to changes in nutrition, lifestyle and socio-economic status. Effect of heat shock on lethality.
To determine whether the behavioral and physiologic abnormalities are associated with structural alterations in the fly central nervous system CNS , we examined sections from C-S and mutant brains using light microscopy. Frontal sections 2.
The data of neuronal degeneration in the aged mutant flies are consistent with our findings that the mutant flies have a shorter life span.
It should be pointed out that these abnormalities were not seen in young flies 3 days old from both hypnos-2 P and C-S. Neuronal degeneration in aged hypnos-2 P flies. Neuronal degeneration was detectable in the cortical neurons of medulla and lobula complex as well as in the lamina in hypnos-2 P b arrowheads , but not in C-S flies of the same age a. It should be pointed out that no lesions were observed in 3-day-old adult flies of either hypnos-2 P or C-S data not shown.
Our initial genetic studies have localized hypnos-2 P in the region between 1B5 and 5B on the X chromosome After carrying out a series of backcrosses to remove possible mutations at other loci, we performed a series of complementation tests using deficiencies in this region to refine the cytological location of hypnos-2 P mutation Figure 1 b.
From these complementation tests, we concluded that hypnos-2 P mutation is located in the region between 2B6 and 2B12 Figure 1 , a and b. Cloning and characterization of hypnos-2 gene. To clone the gene responsible for the hypnos-2 P mutation, a series of Southern blot analyses was performed using ten cosmids purchased from EDGP. These cosmids cover a kb region spanning the whole region of interest 2BB12; Figure 4 a.
Results from this analysis demonstrated that the mutation of hypnos-2 gene is located in the region covered by the cosmid H14 Figure 4 , b and c. This finding was then confirmed by PCR Figure 4 d. The PCR products were cloned and sequenced. Comparison of the sequenced genomic DNAs from the mutant and wild-type flies revealed that a genomic fragment of bp in hypnos-2 P flies was deleted Figure 5 a.
Analyzing Drosophila genomic sequence submitted by EDGP showed that this deletion is located in a gene called double-stranded pre-mRNA—specific adenosine deaminase. Sequence analysis showed that two expressed sequence tag EST clones contained full-length open reading frames. Comparison between the full-length cDNA and genomic sequence in the fly database showed that the dADAR gene consisted of ten exons and nine introns.
The open reading frame of this gene encodes a amino acid protein aa protein with a molecular weight of 70 kDa Figure 5 , b and c. The deletion in the deduced hypnos-2 P protein was an in-frame one, and it eliminated the second dsRBD and part of the deaminase domain that is located in exons 5 and 6 Figure 5 , b and c. Mapping hypnos-2 P mutation. From these probes, only probe H14 gave a different hybridization pattern between C-S and hypnos-2 P flies.
The PCR products were obtained using the primers shown in b. The wild-type dADAR gene consists of ten exons and nine introns. In hypnos-2 P , bp of genomic DNA, marked by two arrowheads, have been deleted. Gaps are introduced for optimal alignment; identical residues are highlighted. The deleted fragment in hypnos-2 P mutation is marked by two flanking arrowheads.
To ensure that the phenotype displayed in hypnos-2 P flies is not due to the perturbation of neighboring genes that may be indirectly disrupted by the genetic lesion and to provide definitive evidence that the mutation of dADAR gene is responsible for the sensitivity to anoxia shown in hypnos-2 P flies, a transformation rescue experiment with a wild-type dADAR transgene was performed.
All aspects of the phenotype that appeared in hypnos-2 P flies were rescued by the transgene. Furthermore, uncoordinated locomotion was also rescued by the transgene. Data from our complementation tests, rescue experiments, and studies on dADAR targets see below demonstrate, therefore, that removal of the second dsRBD and part of the deaminase domain eliminates entirely the editing activity of dADAR.
Transformation rescue. Since the deletion in the dADAR gene is located on the X chromosome, only male flies were tested, and the recovery from a 5-minute anoxia was presented as cumulative frequency. Male hypnos-2P B and w flies served as controls. Expression of dADAR gene. To study the tissue distribution and the developmental profile of expression of this gene, nucleic acid hybridization and PCR were performed 9. Northern blot analysis showed that a major transcript band at approximately 8.
Furthermore, the expression of this gene is developmentally regulated. A band of 3. From late embryonic to early pupal stages, this gene is expressed at a low level data not shown.
We also found that there are several alternative splicing isoforms of dADAR, and these isoforms are developmentally regulated. The blot hybridization shows that dADAR transcripts are expressed mainly in adult heads, and the deletion in hypnos-2P is an in-frame deletion. It should be noted that no full-length dADAR transcripts can be detected in hypnos-2P embryos and adults.
St, standard. An intense signal was observed in neurons of the lamina and cortical regions of central brain left panel; arrowheads. An intense signal was observed only in neurons of lamina and the cortical region of central brain Figure 7 c, arrowheads.
Hence, the results from both Northern and in situ hybridization analyses reveal that the dADAR gene is expressed primarily in the adult brain. We demonstrated that the mutant flies have either a total lack of evoked potentials EP or a marked delay of EP for recovery from anoxia when Giant neurons were stimulated Target molecules of dADAR.
The editing activity was totally eliminated in hypnos-2 P flies, indicating that the dADAR activity was totally abolished in these flies Table 2. The left panel shows the hypnos-2P cDNA sequence surrounding these two spots.
No editing was seen in the mutant since its cDNA sequence is the same as its genomic sequence; the right panel represents the edited cDNA sequence in wild-type C-S flies.
Editing sites are marked by arrowheads. Background: To evaluate the clinical features and survival data of patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension PAH and familial PAH in Chinese patients.
Clinical and hemodynamic data were recorded. Results: The mean age of the 72 patients was
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