His books include Medieval Philosophy: An Introduction. A long tradition of analysis of the meaning of complex linguistic constructions had made important headway in solving puzzles about the meaning of empty terms, the distinction between surface grammar and deep logical form, and the logical priority of sentence meaning against word meaning.
These new methods of conceptual analysis were applied in a great variety of areas of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, aesthetics and legal philosophy. Descartes and Locke were seen as heroic pioneers in the struggle to advance knowledge and exploit these advances for humane purposes.
Spinoza was not lauded so openly as these two: his reputation was scarred, thanks to propaganda campaigns against him by conservatives and religious establishments. But some of his views were at the heart of later Enlightenment thinking. When historical change is so constant, does anything matter? German Idealist responses draw upon Kantianism, Spinozism and kabbalah. Paul Franks is professor of philosophy at Yale University.
Wollstonecraft mobilizes the energy of the French Revolution to voice the rights of women. All later feminist thought builds on her insights. Toril Moi is James B. An argument can be made, nonetheless, that some of its most generative texts constitute a counter-canon of sorts, a fugitive archive for the dispossessed, a future conservatory for utopian dreams. The books assembled below are all very different, but they all speak to how African thought realizes radical encounters between epistemology and politics, metaphysics and aesthetics, ethics and logic.
In so doing, they summon the world to a global dialogue on ecological, political, ethical, and aesthetic transformation. Omedi Ochieng is assistant professor of communication at Denison University. Subsequent generations of phenomenologists included figures such as Heidegger, Sartre and Derrida, whose works, for good or ill, have gained wide prominence. These important founding texts of the movement, however, have been influential primarily amongst philosophers.
Skye C. Karl Popper is arguably still today one of the most misunderstood philosophers especially by scientists , and while a number of his ideas have been criticized, modified or rejected, he remains a pivotal thinker and obligatory starting point. Thomas Kuhn was the great rival of Popper, arguing that philosophers of science should not just put forth prescriptions to scientists on how to do their job, based on first principles, but rather study how scientists actually do what they do.
Wilfully and stubbornly controversial, he nonetheless paved the way for modern critiques of fundamental aspects of science. Massimo Pigliucci is K. These are available online. Finally, perhaps, the Routledge Handbook of Panpsychism , which is due out next year.
These three books together might get you closest to something like the truth about consciousness and its place in nature. His books include The Subject of Experience. Its aim was to reveal in a similar way the logical complexity of complex concepts. Confidence that this could be achieved was bolstered by the great advances in formal logic, associated with Frege in Germany and Russell in England. Simon Blackburn is a professor of philosophy at the New College of the Humanities. His books include Truth.
They align themselves with historical peoples whose experiences of marginalization and statelessness raise important questions about the ethics of citizenship and the promise of democracy. All three of them emphasize the importance of narrative as a form of self-reflection that plays an essential role in the creation of psychic and social agency.
For each of them, the question of difference or alterity begins in the very depth of the making of human consciousness, and the hospitality to strangers and foreigners is a necessary awareness of what it means for the human subject to find herself at home in the world. Bhabha is Anne F. His books include The Location of Culture. These three essays give the critique, central to his thought, of the conception of morality that dominated 18th-to earlyth century thought.
Finally take a stab at Jacques Derrida's short but very difficult book on Nietzsche, Spurs. Unlike the two previous texts, this a playful—some might say self-indulgent and obscurantist—approach to Nietzsche, but one that represents a major style of postmodern thought.
His books include Thinking the Impossible: French Philosophy since Liberal egalitarianism or egalitarian liberalism asks what a just society would look like. Individual freedom is crucial but everybody's freedom matters equally. Market relationships, private property, and the inequalities they produce, should not be treated as natural or beyond critical assessment.
Rawls' Justice as Fairness: A Restatement is the accessible version of his agenda-setting theory. Dworkin's Justice for Hedgehogs is huge and systematic 'the hedgehog knows one big thing' - read the last part for the political stuff.
Adam Swift is professor of political theory at University College London. This article and thousands of others like it. Subscribe now and get your first month free. Continue Reading. Already a subscriber? Log in. Sign in to post comments or join now only takes a moment. Omar White 30 August Thank you for such valuable information. I was looking for a long time detailed explanation.
I study medicine at the university and have recently been interested in the philosophy of medicine. There are also many confusing and complex essays in medicine. Similar studies are very difficult and intensive. It can save your time and check mistakes.
Gordon Filworth 18 August I have read a lot of philosophical books to form my own worldview. I have written many essays on this. But I often make grammatical mistakes and therefore I need help with this problem. I always turn to PapersOwl for help. I will soon publish my article on German philosophy on my blog. Adam Park 4 August I feel more of a connection when dancing or listening to particular traditional songs or participating in festivals or reading an ancient script that is similar to today's language than when being in Athens.
The monuments of Athens are the work of the most brilliant people of their time, not from the common people. Also, ancient greek philosophy is a very broad term. One could argue that we are connected due to the fact that Neoplatonism influenced the orthodox church. Be that as it may, we certainly do not know much about ancient Greek philosophy except from the names of the philosophers. Something i always thought was fascinating about Ancient Athenes was that Alexander the Great knew Aristoteles who knew Plato who knew Socrates he was a good friend of Alcibiades who grew up in the same house as the great Pericles this Pericles had a grandpa who was famous before Persian Wars when tyrans still ruled over Athens.
Yang Ruflo 3 June I got interested on philosophy books because of our professor in philosophy. Seems like it is such an interesting one. In this test, much more accessible than Thus Spoke Zarathustra, Nietzsche blames everything in his lower man the herd instinct, nationalism, European civilization, Christian morality, … and prevents it from being free, that is what prevents it from becoming himself.
Crime and Punishment is undoubtedly one of the most important novels of the 19th century. At the depth of the characters including Raskolnikov adds a real philosophical complexity where the theme of guilt mingle, freedom, nihilism, human nature. Dostoevsky also distills number of psychoanalytic concepts that will inspire the Freudian theory. This novel Kundera pits four main characters with history including Communism , the difficulty of making choices and enjoing their freedom.
Kundera tries to show how the concept of fate is wrong and, as a corollary, that the human human existence is precarious. Existentialism is a Humanism is a great text. Sartre defends his major thesis man is condemned to be free and place the consequences on the notions of conscience, compared to others, responsibility, bad faith.
Born in Geneva in , Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a visionary and revolutionary philosopher and writer. Rousseau asserts that the authority of the state can only be legitimate if it comes from the will of the people.
Smith was an eminent Scottish moral philosopher and the founder of modern economics, best-known for his book The Wealth of Nations which was highly influential in the development of Western capitalism. In it, he outlined the theory of the division of labour and proposed the theory of laissez-faire. Hence instead of mercantilism, Smith believed that government should not interfere in economic affairs as free trade increased wealth.
Paine was another important figure in the history of the French and American Revolutions, best known for his works, Common Sense and The American Crisis His ideas were rooted in the theories of Locke and Rousseau. Wollstonecraft saw that the prevailing pedagogical theories were turning women into feminine beings, ill-prepared for life vicissitudes.
She wanted women to become rational and independent beings, whose sense of self came from the development of their mind rather than a mirror. John Stuart Mill was one of the most influential philosophers of the nineteenth-century and an advocate of utilitarianism, a theory based on the works of Jeremy Bentham. His book On Liberty made him famous as a defender of human rights. Mill also believed that happiness was the basis for morality and encouraged any action which maximised the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people.
Mill was the leading liberal feminist of his day. He defended the rights of women on equal terms with men in The Subjection of Women and proposed measures such as votes for women. Sartre was the best-known twentieth-century exponent of existentialism, and, together with Simone de Beauvoir, had a considerable influence on French intellectual life in the decades following the Second World War.
It is an attempt to capture in fictional form the human experience through the lens of Phenomenology and Existentialism. The protagonist comes to realize that he is a free agent and must find his own purpose in a world devoid of meaning.
Foucault was a French philosopher, historian of ideas, and theorist. His work showed in particular how nineteenth-century obsessions with classification led to the construction of sexual identity categories and how social, political and economical forces sought to influence and control attitudes towards sex and sexual behaviors.
0コメント